Efficient and Distributed Clustering Scheme with Mobile Sink for Heterogeneous Multi- Level Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes are typically powered by non-rechargeable batteries and deployed in an area of interest to supervise or monitor various phenomena (temperature, pressure, humidity...). So, constrained energy is the most important feature of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In WSNs, saving energy and extending network lifetime are great challenges. Clustering is a key technique used to optimize energy consumption in WSNs. However, sensor networks with fixed sink node or Base Station (BS) often suffer from a hot spots problem since nodes near to sink have more traffic burden to forward during a multi-hop transmission process. The use of mobile sinks has been shown to be an effective technique to enhance network performance features such as latency, energy efficiency, network lifetime, etc. In this paper an Efficient and Distributed Clustering Scheme with Mobile Sink (EDCSMS) for Heterogeneous Multi-level Wireless Sensor Networks is proposed. In EDCSMS, the cluster-heads (CHs) are elected by a probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network, the BS moves towards each CH by a distance proportional to the weight of its probability. Furthermore, normal nodes select the optimal cluster-head based on the cost function. Finally, Simulation using MATLAB software shows that our proposed protocol achieves longer lifetime, stability period and more effective messages to BS than LEACH, DEEC, EDCS in multi-level heterogeneous environments.